POWER AND INFLUENCE ON CORPORATE BEHAVIOR

Abstract

Determining ethical business situations may be challenging when companies come from diverse backgrounds. The Prestige Corporation has been fortunate to experience positive growth over the last decade. The company will need to continue this trend in order to remain successful. Because of the international and global expansion in the corporation, Prestige has requested assistance in finding approaches to gain a competitive advantage globally. What may seem as good ethical behavior for one country may be frowned upon by the other. The purpose of this assignment is to determine and understand the importance of the power and influence method among global corporations.

Part One: Identification of issue or problem

The need. The reason for investigating in this problem is to identify certain concerns associated with Prestige’s corporation and the global expansion. The CEO of Prestige
Corporation has requested assistance with finding approaches and options that will lead to the resolution of global problems.
Statement of the research problem. This research project will investigate the relationship between power and influence on corporate ethical behavior. Furthermore it will observe how these concepts can be applied in the Prestige Corporation.
Benefits of the research. This research project will benefit students and corporations with the need to understand the dimensions behind power and influence among corporate ethical behavior. Prestige will gain valuable knowledge by applying the concepts listed in this study.
Method for investigation and analysis. In order to find evidence that will support the clients need, I will use research studies and conceptual or theoretical writings. The validity and reliability of the client will be assured by using a test proposition. Other measures for determining validity will include a statement and explanation of the problem, description of the methods used to collect and analyze data, the results presented in tables and or graphs.
Part Two: Literature review
Research studies literature related to the issue/problem. The power and influence
method provides an important approach that demonstrates consistency (Cialdini, 2003). In order to influence the power within a corporate environment there are six principles that must be followed: 1) Reciprocity 2) Social Proof 3) Consistency 4) Authority 5) Scarcity 6) Liking. With these principles there are issues that can be beneficial and conditions that can go wrong. Reciprocity supports the notion of people do unto others as others do unto them and it can go wrong when people try to bend the rules for you so you’ll do the same for me. Social proof works well when people follow the example of their peers, but it can be detrimental when it focuses on the go along to get along. Consistency is an important concept when people try to behave consistently with their values and commitments. Authority allows people to defer to the expertise of others which can take on the do as you are told role. Scarcity involves wanting things that are rare, exclusive, hard to get. And Liking focuses on having people like those who like them (Cialdini, 2003).

The relationship between power and influence on corporate ethical behavior has several important values in which the Prestige Corporation can benefit from. First and foremost before corporate ethical Behavior is used on the outside it must start in the boardroom. According to an article titled “Corporate ethics should start in the boardroom”, focuses on the success and unlock the codes behind such ethics.
A company can learn how to maximize its own profit when it does it within the context of laws, customs and values that have come to embody the rules of the game for modern free enterprise capitalism (Bavaria, 1991). The concept of corporate ethics should start in the boardroom involves the behavior of executives as individuals in the network of relationships and responsibilities they have in their capacity as officers and directors. By starting within the boardroom CEO’s are able to define to the ethic codes of the corporation.
Prestige will need to determine if it is safer to bring in an outside or inside influence to help the company. An outside director may have great ideas; however these ideas may not fit the company’s best interests. Typically, outside directors are CEO’s there selves and have their own set of outside directors to work with on their boards (Bavaria, 1991). The best option for Prestige would use promote from within technique. This will help to influence power and make the corporation stronger from within.
Prestige can learn from other corporations and how to do business globally. It is important for any company to understand what is ethically acceptable when home and what causes conflict while in a host country (Birchard, 2002). This is perhaps one the problems that Prestige suffered from with the high freight fees. In one the Asian countries that conducts business with Prestige has stumbled into the problem of paying high freight-forwarding fees. This particular business “transports raw materials, parts, and finished products through local customs and uses a local freight-forwarding agent at the airport, seaport, or other points of entry” (Adler, 2002). The reason for the high fees is based on under-the-table payments to local customs officials. This problem with this concept is that it affects the cycle time for shipments.
This business practice has been conducted this way because” the government underpays local customs officials and offers them annual raises that do not keep pace with inflation” (Adler, 2002). This concept allows custom officials to receive part of their income from direct payments from companies and payments from freight-forwarding agents. The North American based company Prestige was disturbed once it found out the company conducted business this way. Business practices in the Asian country have been changed to allow under-the-table payments and Prestige’s employees that are working in this region believe that these practices are unacceptable and oppose the notion of having good ethical business behavior.
Another concern among global business is to understand the various practices in that country. For instance, in the 1990’s footwear and apparel manufactures, Nike and Levi Strauss had to implement a review system that would reward ethical behavior and set a more visible example of good corporate practices. This new rule was added to the company after harsh accusation of sweatshops and child labor were beginning to tarnish the reputation of the prestigious corporation. This experience caused CEO’s from around the world to examine their practices and learn how to mature a culture that involves good ethical decision making (Birchard, 2002).
Corporations can no longer benefit from the concept of “when in Rome do as the Romans do” (Birchard, 2002). This notion has become unacceptable among anti-globalization protesters. According to Birchard” the new CEO challenge is to act like an ethical leader for society as a whole, to act before crisis demands it, to engage outsiders in decision-making and to adhere to standards of behavior that local embrace. Another problem that may emerge is the zone conflict and issues in other countries. Ethical problems may arise among nations without independent judiciaries. This particularly may cause a conflict in practices, such as corrupt election processes and malfunctioning health services.
Cases literature related to the issue/problem.
Unethical behavior can be contagious if employees are not coached in the right direction. Companies can suffer when the power of influence is not correctly practiced and unethical behavior slips in. This is often a learned behavior that will eventually spread through out the company. For instance, “when we see other being less than truthful, bending or breaking rules, or cheating in various ways, it can sometimes make that behavior more acceptable to us as well” (Ciadldini, 2003). Prestige will want to make certain that it remains honest in its business dealings.
The following provides a table of the awareness of wrongdoing in the organization and the presence of corporate codes of ethics.

TABLE I
Awareness of wrongdoing in the organization and the presence of corporate codes of ethics

Corporate code of ethics



Yes
No
Don’t know
Percent unaware of wrongdoing
59.5
35
47.1
Percent aware of wrongdoing
40.5
65
52.9
X2= 13.05; p<0.05; N = 613. (Somers, 2001)
TABLE II
Awareness of wrongdoing in the organization and familiarity with professional codes of ethics
Professional code of ethics

Very familiar
Somewhat familiar
Not familiar
Percent unaware of wrongdoing
40.5
44.5
45
Percent aware of wrongdoing
59.5
54.6
55
X2= 2.77; p>0.05; N = 613 (Somers, 2001)

TABLE III
Comparisons of mean importance ratings of corporate value statement from MANOVA
Value Statement

Corporate code of ethics


Yes
n = 44
No
n =305
Don’t know
n = 264
1. Be as profitable as possible
2.61
3.06
2.89
2. Engage in charitable contributions
1.15
1.28
1.17


3. Abide by laws and regulations
2.68
2.55
2.67
4. Behave morally and ethically
3.25
3.06
3.25
(Somers, 2001)

TABLE IV
Reporting of observed wrongdoing and the presence of ethical codes of conduct


Corporate code of ethics


Yes
No
Don’t know
Percent who reported wrongdoing
44
35
35
Percent who did not report wrongdoing
56
65
65
X2 = 0.78; p < 0.05; N = 340





Professional code of ethics


Very familiar
Somewhat familiar
Not familiar
Percent who reported wrongdoing
38
32
40
Percent who did not report wrongdoing
62
68
60
X2= 0.45; p > 0.05; N = 340 (Somers, 2001)


Options identified in the literature for approaching the problem.

Some of the lessons learned from the various literature reviews included problems with ethics. One article focused on the reason as to why ethics can’t be compartmentalized. This type of behavior places pressures on the individual causing demanding strict adherence to high ethical standards which encourages less ethical behavior with customers and other outside stake-holders (Cialdini, 2003).

Creating the right environment for the organization provides another means of providing a successful step for the company. CEO’s will want to answer the following questions: “How far along are you on the slippery slopes?”
“Would most people in your organization agree that it is perfectly acceptable to present your products and services to customers in the best possible light?”
“Would they then agree that it is OK not to disclose shortcomings or defects to customers?”
“Would perhaps they go on to agree that it is acceptable to hide information about your products’ shortcomings?”
“Once they have agreed to that, would they consider it acceptable to lie to customers about your products and services?”
“And if they have taken that step, would they think twice about lying to people inside the company?”(Cialdini, 2003).

Within any successful organization it is important for leaders to pay attention to customers, clients, regulators, employees and the values in which the company is trying to display. Some of the other lessons learned focused on how to lower the ethical bar within the organization, doing business with repressive regimes and the CEO’s obligation to alleviate poverty.

One of the most important concepts a CEO can learn in business is how to handle human rights issues so that they are not abused. Also some CEO’s will need understand the importance of when and how to lower the ethical bar in various situations. Some of these rules to lowering the bar apply the following notions:
1) CEO’s might lower their ethical standards because, owing to the host country’s lower level of economic development, the reduction is the “caring” thing to do.
2) The second part consists of those cases where relative economic development fails to justify the decision.

Corporate ethics provides important development within a corporation. The idea of corporate ethics is a rather new phenomenon that has developed through the years (Enderle, 2005). “A crucial feature of corporate ethics is the understanding of the business organization as a moral implies that the company has a certain unity and idenitity with an explicit or implicit mission and has a certain autonomy with a more or less extended space of freedom” (Enderle, 2005).

Conceptual and theoretical literature related to the issue/problem.

The underlying assumptions found within the text that I read focus on various questions in which CEO’s must face such as: Do you support a repressive country’s national interests? Do you counter environmental degradation? Do you take a role in alleviating poverty? (Birchard, 2002).

Other global and ethical problems focus on the challenge of choosing between right and wrong. Often this is a real problem between corporations as within the case of Johnson & Johnson CEO Ralph made a decision that would involve ethical decision-making such as values and how to put it together in advance of crisis. Global ethics are decisions that must be used within the organization to alleviate misunderstandings.

Summary of the literature review.

Organizations will want to steer clear from unethical behavior practices as it can lead to a damaging reputation. It is vital that corporations learn how to gain the trust of its employees and customers. Power and influence can work well within any corporation that is driven to uphold good ethical practices. Incorporating a successful organization will learn how to find a balance between power and influence.

Part Three: Conclusions and recommendations

Conclusions. In order to be a successful organization, Prestige will need to use ethical
conduct in all business practices. The implications developed for a successful company
includes knowing how to use power and influence and have ethical behavior. A good leader within an organization will learn how his/her influence can mold and shape the organization for the better. A good corporation that learns how to use it correctly will not have to worry about resulting to unethical behavior. My recommendation for Prestige is to operate ethically according to the rules and regulations of the government. This corporation cannot afford to risk its name by operating unethically.

Approaches/Options.

The different models included involved six principles of influence.
Principle
How it works
How it can go wrong
Reciprocity
People do unto others as others do unto them
I’ll bend the rules for you so you’ll do the same for me
Social proof
People follow the example of their peers
Go along to get along
Consistency
People try to behave consistently with their values and commitments
It’s not as if you’ve never done anything wrong in your life

Authority
People defer to the expertise of others
Just do what you are told. That’s an order
Scarcity
People want things that are rare, exclusive, hard to get
Don’t make any waves and you’ll get that promotion
Liking
People like those who like them
We thought you were one of the gang
Source: (Cialdini, 2003).


What are the implications of your findings for the client CEO?

My paper added to existing knowledge that is always better to abide by ethical practices.
And that it is very important for a CEO to use his/her power and influence in the right way. The literature outlined in this report discussed the importance creating and using the power and influence concept in ethical relations. It is important for a leader to learn how to influence his/her power correctly and ethically. Once a leader learns how to implement the power and influence concept, employees will also learn how to carry out these demands.

What recommendations do you have for your client?
My findings can be used to assure clients that ethical behavior is always better and that it adds values to the organization that is represented. Prestige will need to develop a code of ethics that will suit the company’s need. Prestige must understand that each organization may have various differences and needs. It is recommended that Prestige follow the six rules of influence and implement these practices into the corporation. Prestige will also want to be particularly careful in handling human rights issue and assure that these rights are not abused.

Part Four: Annotated Bibliography.

Adler, N.J., (2002). International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior. McGill University.
South-Western. This book is broken up in several parts and discusses the international dimension of organizational behavior it challenges ones global perspective.

Bavaria, S. (1991). Corporate ethics should start in the boardroom. This article looks at the
importance of starting from the basics of using corporate behavior in the boardroom.
Retrieved November 10, 2005 from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1038/is_v34/ai_10358503

Birchard, B. (2002). Global profits, ethical perils: the old adage, “When in Rome do as the
Romans do, “made decisions easy. This article discusses the importance doing business
globally and deciding what is ethically acceptable within an host country. Retrieved November 10, 2005 from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4070/is_2002_June/ai_87430211

Cialdini, R. B. (2003). Leader to Leader. Creating an Ethical Environment. (28th ed.) This article
discusses the success of using power and influence and ethical behavior. Retrieved November 10, 2005 from http: www.influenceatwork.com

Enderle, G. (2005). Corporate Ethics at the beginning of the 21st century. This article discusses
the growing interest in corporate ethics. Retrieved November 10, 2005 from http://www.iadb.org/etica/documents/dc_end_etica-i.htm

Joyner, B.E. (2002). Building values, business ethics and corporate social responsibility into the
developing organization. This article discusses the development of business ethics and
corporate social responsibility in growing firms. Retrieved November 10, 2005 from http: www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3906/is_200204/ai_n9050754

Somers, M.J. (2001). Ethical Codes of Conduct and organizational context: A study of
the relationship between codes of conduct, employee behavior and organizational values. This study describes in detail the importance of codes of ethics that are beginning to increase within organizations. Retrieved November 10, 2005 from http: www.cedha.org.art/does/ethicalcodes.pdf

The importance of Organizational Change in Today's Society

Organizational change is the corner stone for providing a better method of doing business. In order for a company to gain success, the CEO must learn how to think outside of the box. Experienced and visionary companies learn early how to master the art and skill of change. The purpose of this paper is to examine why organizational change is important for research practices. In addition, the focus of this paper will investigate the need for the organizational change method.

Discussion
Accepting Change
Concept. Learning how to adapt to change is an important step for organizations and those in diverse groups. Change is a concept that will happen whether one chooses to flow with the process or not (Drucker, 2001). As seen today, change is mounting all around us. Those that do not change run the risk of falling behind. This ideology is detrimental to companies that do not desire to face the challenge.

According to a report conducted by ProSci, discovered that, “more than 50 percent of participants had implemented dramatic process change, more than 90 percent implemented process changes that crossed departmental boundaries and almost 50 percent expect the change to impact their entire enterprise” (Drucker, 2001) The percentage is vital in determining and correlating the benefits of change and the expected outcome to implementing change.

Change. Organizational change is best defined as a process that, “implements new procedures or technologies intended to realign an organization with the changing demands of its business environment, or to capitalize on business opportunities” (Drucker, 2001). The key to successfully implementing change involves good leadership and people to determine the outcome. With change happening in various directions, managers must learn how to evaluate each scenario that arises. A change program must be prepared and handled properly to overcome discomfort within employees. If follies exist within the change process; the organization will not reach its anticipated goals or objectives.

Global Communications
Success. Successful companies value the effectiveness of their employees and consumers when making changes in the organization. For instance, Motorola a global communications corporation uses team work and employee relations by listening to their employees and working together. By paying attention to employees and working together, the company eliminated 732 defects per million over a period of time. People play an important role in pursuing and carrying out organizational change within companies. However, this will occur when leadership understands the importance of properly managing, communicating and enacting with employees (Drucker, 2001).

Enacting. The process of change will occur when a company is “pushed into action or pulled out of action” (Eisenbach, Watson, Pillai, and 2005). When a company finds itself pushed into action the results turn into a conflict or struggle. If a company is being pulled into action the company begins to choose new and different strategies based on the changes in technology or other savvy business ideas. According to the article by Brown and Eisenhart there are three key characteristics of successful managers in organization experiencing change will fall into:

Successful managers provide clear responsibility and priorities with extensive communication and freedom to improvise;
Successful managers enhance learning about future possibilities by experimenting with ideas. Although the future is uncertain, it is possible to learn something about it;
Successful managers link current projects to the future with predictable intervals (Eisenbach, Watson, and Pillai, 2005).

The authors in the case study state that change agents must recognize the components within the organization to gain success (Heiubach, Montgomery, Weimer and Heerwagen, 1995). By not recognizing the importance of the organization system companies run the risk of failing. Break-downs within the organization unfold when significant aspects of the organization are ignored or underestimated.

Conclusion
Organizational Change
Opinion. There is a strong need to understand the benefits of incorporating organizational change into companies. Without a clear concise plan to develop these processes organizations will run the risk of failing in today’s market. Every company will need to learn how to effectively use this method and introduce it into its plan. Good leaders will quickly embrace this ideology and take the challenge to enrich the company. The purpose of organizational change is to make good organizations great and this can only be achieved by keeping up with changes in technology. Furthermore these changes must be implemented and carried out by managers willing to take the extra step and lead by example.

References
Drucker, P. F. (2001). Organizational Change. Management Challenges. Retrieved September
18, 2005 from http://www.managementfirst.com/change_management/articles/changes.php

Eisenbach, R., Watson, K., & Pillai, Rajnandini. (2005). Managing Change. Management First.
California State University, San Marcos. Retrieved September 18, 2005 from http://www.managementfirst.com/change_management/articles/managingchange.php

Heiubach, J.G., Montgomery, J.C., Weimer, W.C., and Heerwagen, J.H. (1995). A Case Study:
Integrated work environment and organizational change. Richland, WA Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Retrieved September 18, 2005 from http://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp

I made it!

Thank God I made it through another semester with a 4.0 GPA. It feels good to take a rest from school as I prepare for the uncoming semesters.

RESEARCH METHODS

Overview

Understanding research methods is important for gaining knowledge in good research. The various types of research designs include qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. The purpose of this paper is to describe the pros and cons of each of the three approaches to research. A critique of the social science research model will be conducted. Next, this paper will provide a basic philosophical dilemma that producers and consumers must simultaneously maintain an intellectual stance of both believing and doubting research. In addition, the basis of this paper will provide techniques for understanding the various methods.

Discussion

Research Methods
Qualitative. According to the Research Methods text, qualitative research methods are defined as methods that predict knowledge claims (Creswell, 2003). The methods that tend to apply to qualitative approaches include theoretical statements, and beneficial support. These strategies use phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, case study and narrative. Other characteristics of qualitative approaches include open-ended questions, focus groups, emerging approaches, and text or image data. Qualitative approaches add personal values into the study, context and setting of participants. Other ways of determining qualitative approaches focus on validation of the accuracy of its findings, by interpretations of data. Lastly, they create an agenda for change, reform and are able to collaborate with the participants.

Pros and Cons of qualitative research
Focus Groups. Another part of qualitative methods includes focus groups. A focus group may be defined as, “a group of individual selected and assembled by researchers to discuss and comment on, from personal experience, the topic that is the subject of the research” (Gibbs, 1997). There are positive methods for this type of research since it is used to assist in discovery or introduce the hypotheses. By using focus groups well-developed questions, concepts and guidelines are created. The pros and cons of the research are listed below:
1. Focus group research involves organized discussion with a selected group of individuals to gain information about their views and experiences of a topic.
2. Focus group interviewing is particularly suited for obtaining several perspectives about the same topic.
3. The benefits of focus group research include gaining insights into people’s shared understandings of everyday life and the ways in which others influence individuals in a group situation.
4. Problems arise when attempting to identify the individual view from the group view, as well as in the practical arrangements for conducting focus groups.
5. Focus groups are limited in terms of their ability to generalize findings to a whole population, mainly because of the small numbers of people participating and the likelihood that the participants will not be a representative sample (Gibbs, 1997).

Pros and Cons of quantitative research
Quantitative. According to research design study, quantitative research measures interactions between variables (Hopkins, 1998). The functions of variables are important in measuring various matters. Variables measure items in specific and minute detail (e.g. weight, height, age). Another common measuring tool includes surveys and experiments. Methods are employed through use of close-ended questions, predetermined approaches and numeric data. Some areas in which practices of research may use includes tests, theories, explanations, variable, hypotheses, reliability, and statistics.

Quantitative research methods focus on two types of designs to include descriptive and experimental (Hopkins, 1998). Descriptive designs are limited since they create only relations between variables. Descriptive designs are also called observational, since careful examination is used. With the use of descriptive designs, hundreds of samples are conducted for accuracy. Although this repetitious method has cons, there are also pros to this method. For instance, due to the large number of samples taken the results are less likely to provide bias information. Other characteristics of descriptive designs include cases, case series, cross-sectional, cohort, and longitudinal and case control studies. Experimental studies use repeated measures. They are also conducted with and without control groups, time series and crossover. Depending on the type of methods used to conduct research will determine whether to use descriptive or experimental.

Pros and Cons of mixed methods research
Mixed Methods. Mixed methods research integrates and collects quantitative and qualitative designs (Creswell, Fetters, & Ivankova, 2004). Mixed methods are unique since they focus on pragmatic knowledge claims, and they use strategies that are sequential, concurrent, and transformative. Other attributes about the approach include developing a rationale for mixing, integrating the data at different stages of inquiry, and the used of visual pictures. The mixed methods approach merges quantitative and qualitative data for a more complete examination. This approach is used when neither quantitative nor qualitative methods can be determined. The cons of using this method are that research has to be further broken down and various limitations exist.

Social science research model
The Layman’s guide to social research methods underlines the “basics of social research methods can, at times, feel as if one is walking a very fine line between complete comprehension and abysmal failure” (Colosi, 1997). The model contributes two important factors for conducting good research: reliability and validity. Reliability determines the accuracy of a measurement based on its repetitive tests. For instance, a test is proven reliable based on test, retest and consistent behavior. The more often something is tested with the same results the more reliable the research. The validity of measurement “is defined as the strength of our conclusions, inferences or propositions or the best approximation to the truth or falsity” (Colosi, 1997). The four types of validity in social research include conclusion, internal, construct and external validity. The cons that exist to validity include the threats to internal and construct validity. Threats to internal validity focus on three main problems: single group, multiple group and social interaction. Other problems that may exist include social threats to validity, which include hypothesis guessing, evaluator apprehension and experimenter expectancies.

Teaching Critical Thinking
Believing. A guide to understanding critical thinking includes the believing and doubting game. According to the article, “the believing game is the first step in a critical thinking process” (Shapiro, 2005). Educators and other peers often introduce the believing game to students. Simply the believing game sways the listener from a close-minded view, while allowing one to continually think and draw other conclusions. Next, the doubting game provides balance to the believing game. The doubting game focuses on the answer why and the importance of scrutinizing questions or theories.

The methods behind critical thinking provide good tools for understanding the basic philosophical dilemma that producers and consumers must maintain. By using the techniques to critical thinking student and educators take research a step further. It is highly important to evaluate and test research. Without critical thinking many answers in qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods research will be left undetermined.

Conclusion
All of the methods discussed are important in conducting and evaluating research. Good researchers will determine the type of methods used in the study, whether it is quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods procedures. Depending on the pros and cons of the research the person conducting the research will want to choose wisely. Moreover, the Layman’s guide to social research methods provides the basis for understanding reliability and validity. Both of these techniques are critical in determining accuracy. The method of choice will depend on the ability to logically and critically think on procedures suitable for the situation. In my opinion critical thinking provides the basis for conducting research, whether it is quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods research.


References

Colosi, L.A., (2005). The Layman’s guide to social research methods. Retrieved March 9,
2005 from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/tutorial/Colosi/lcolosi2.htm


Creswell, J. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods
approaches. London. Sage publications.

Creswell, J.W, Fetters, M.D and Ivankova, N.V., (2004). Designing a mixed methods
study in primary care. Retrieved March 9, 2005 from http://ecourse.hpu.edu

Gibbs, A. (1997). Social research Update. Retrieved March 9, 2005 from
http://ecourse.hpu.edu

Hopkins, W.G., (1998). Quantitative research design. Retrieved March 9, 2005 from
http://ecourse.hpu.edu

Shapiro, A. (2005). Teaching Critical Thinking: The believing game and doubting game.
Retrieved March 9, 2005 from http://ecourse.hpu.edu

LEARNING HOW TO USE THE NATURAL STEP IN BUSINESS

Overview

The natural step within a business is an important step for success. The natural step helps companies lead towards sustainability (Nattrass & Altomare, 1999). The purpose of this paper is underline the important system conditions for the natural step based on virtual team discussion. This paper will also discuss the critical system conditions for the evolutionary corporation. Moreover, the paper will study the concept of why the evolutionary corporation is so compelling in today’s world. It will further examine the leadership necessary to invent and sustain a corporation.

Discussion

Natural Step
Purpose. The natural step was first discovered as a scientific term in Sweden (Nattrass & Altomare, 1999). The natural step consists of four principles of ecology for life to sustain. According to Nattrass & Altomare there are certain conditions that must be present in order for life to exist. The basic steps are listed below:
(1) Reduce dependency on materials from the earth’s crust.
(2) Decrease compounds produced by society that accumulate in nature.
(3) Ensure that the productive capacity and diversity of nature is not diminished.
(4) Use resources fairly and efficiently to meet human needs (Nattrass& Altomare, 1999).
All of the above conditions are important, due to the environment in which we live. Humans live in a “closed loop system”(Nattrass & Altomare, 1999). This means that everything that is made and used by us will need to be recycled. In the text IKEA, Scandia Hotels and Collins products were used as ecological leaders for the environment. These companies were the first to adapt and accept environmental change. All of the companies realized that there companies were hurting the environment and a change needed to take place. The companies used the natural step to transform their companies into a safer business.

Virtual Team
Analysis. In the virtual team meeting, each member of the team provided an article concerning the natural step. The first article was about Premier INC, and how it launched a comprehensive web-based resource center to assist in healthcare organizations. The company also established an environmentally safe corporation with an area for recycling and disposal of computers and electronics. This article was interesting and relevant to today. Often organizations are unfamiliar about recycling procedures and how computers should be properly disposed. Premier Inc. became concerned about the environment and started a recycling disposal program for its computers and electronics. The company started a website that would provide information for companies uncertain about recycling procedures. In general, it appears that most people are lazy about recycling because it is an inconvenience. Most think it is easier to throw away the items not realizing the damaging effect on the environment.

In another article in the virtual team meeting, the discussion provided insight about the importance about the linear process. It appears that the world is suffering due to the carelessness of humans and nature has been disrupted for the past centuries. For instance, the problems with acid rain, extinction of species and the greenhouse effect poses a dilemma in today’s society. All of these pollutants that effect nature are a result of a damaged world. It is important for everyone to take a step towards creating a healthier world. The United States and countries around the world focus on various ways of recycling. A more common concept of this theory includes the recycling bottle programs. Many states within the U.S. offer 5 to 10 cents redemption on all returned bottles to encourage recycling.

Evolutionary Corporation
Importance. The evolutionary corporation is vital in today’s society for sustaining a healthy environment. Within many of the cases read, the companies were guilty of polluting the environment unknowingly. Once the news was discovered about the pollutants, being spread into the environment the countries began to use the natural step for change. Often at first, this was difficult for the companies, since they were in a routine of doing things. Starting the recycling process and using safer chemicals would first cost the company a significant amount. First, the companies would need to stop using chemicals that are harmful to the environment. Next, the company would have to use the appropriate measures to properly dispose of the chemicals. All of needed changes would take time and money to incorporate a safer environment.

Leadership
Leadership and development is necessary to invent and sustain a corporation. In order to produce a healthier and safer environment, the leaders must first be willing to incorporate change into its daily processes. For instance, an article by one of the team members stated the issue that resulted in Hawaii’s recycling bottle program. The government presented an agenda that was difficult for people to stick to the program. The Hawaii recycling centers often create an inconvenience for the people that are returning the cans or bottles. Moreover, once the customers arrive at the stations they are often dissatisfied because of long lines. In addition, some sources state that people are not receiving the accurate amount for bottles turned in. All of these problems create problems and steers the person away from making an effort to recycle. Leaders will need to recommend and fix programs that create difficulty in carrying out programs. One suggestion from the team discussion is to enforce environmental laws and increase taxes on garbage and electricity. This is just one solution to many; ultimately, it is up the individual to recycle.

Conclusion

Opinion. Overall, it is important for corporations and consumers to realize the importance of the natural step. The natural step enhances the environments well being. Without the natural step, companies would continue to endanger the environment. Some companies have lost business for failing to rectify an environmental safe solution. Leaders, companies and consumers must learn that sustaining momentum is everyone’s responsibility. By incorporating natural steps into the environment the world and the people, which live within it, are better off in the end. The world must take a close reflection to what it can do to make the world a safer place to live in.

Reference
Nattrass, B. & Altomare, M., (1999). The Natural Step: Wealth, Ecology and the Evolutionary
Corporation. Canada. New Society Publishers

ORACLE’S IMPLEMENTATION OF SUCCESSFUL KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS IN TODAY’S BUSINESS

Overview

The Oracle Corporation is a software programming company that expands, produces, advertises, allocates and examines database software and infrastructure software (Reuters, 2005).

This paper will investigate the requirement for knowledge management implementation to be successful. Next, the paper will discuss the specifications and elements necessary for a productive knowledge management system. Moreover, a comparison of architectural details between Oracle, Business Objects S.A. incorporated, and Humming bird Ltd will be evaluated. Lastly, this paper will conclude with an explanation of measures to create an effective knowledge management system (KMS).

Discussion
Company Background
Software. The Oracle Corporation consists of two business and five operating divisions, software systems and service business (Reuters, 2005). The software business is comprised of two operating systems, which include new software licenses and product support. The service business includes consulting, advanced product services and education. The software portion of the business focuses on Internet architecture, database servers, application servers and client computers. The architectural system allows end users access to data and applications. The program also allows management from various locations. The products that represent Oracle’s architectural design have the ability to eradicate fragmentation, while amalgamating various applications.

Oracles database serves as a tools for creating and outputting systems via the Internet (Reuters, 2005). The database facilitates the storage, operation and recovery of relational, object-relational, dimensional and other forms of data through rapid development. Another tool of Oracle includes the application server. The application server allows web designers easy access to generate and position Internet services, gateways and applications. The company also has a collaboration suite, which manages office automation systems. The systems include management of email, voicemail, facsimiles, calendars, file sharing, search, customer data hubs and workflow (Reuters, 2005).

In addition, Oracle offers E-business suites to support its products. The architecture software for Oracle includes financials, tasks, advertising, transactions, order management, procurement, manufacturing, service and human resources, which provide business intelligence to KMS (Reuters, 2005). Software license updates also serve as an important role to customers to ensure technical support and maintenance are provided.

Service. The Oracle service business provides consulting, advanced product services and education. Oracles consulting practice achieves customer satisfaction by providing information technology to its customers (Reuters, 2005). Information technology is offered through advanced product services, such as Oracle On Demand. Oracle On Demand presents three customer services to include E-Business On Demand, Technology On Demand and Collaboration Suite On Demand. These systems allow the customer the ability to manage applications and databases in various locations. Educating Oracle employees, customers, and partners serves as a valuable commodity for the company. Oracle established a University to train students in a public or private environment to equip professionals in the 21st century.

Tactics and strategies
Financials. Over the last six months, the Oracle Corporation successfully integrated with PeopleSoft (Forbes, 2005). The financial forecast for company is off to a good start with the merge of PeopleSoft. The company’s earnings-per-share forecast rose from 61 cents to 69 cents on the dollar, and is expected to incline through 2006. Oracle will compete with another business software giant, SAP (Beyers, 2005). Oracle plans to redirect and change guidance through the merger with PeopleSoft. The company is expecting sales to reach $14.1 billion, with a $4.3 billion in new license revenue. The company is forecasting to gain a 7% increase in new software licenses.

KM Strategy
Plan. In order for the Oracle Corporation to implement a successful knowledge management plan with PeopleSoft, the two companies must learn how to work together (Kerstetter & Lacy, 2005). The company must come up with a plan to support and merge the product lines. Since the merge, Oracle will plan to lay off 5,000 people in various departments, retaining 90% of PeopleSofts engineers. The company will have to steer clear from making two different companies. The company will need to merge both of the corporations for a successful strategy. Oracle is best known for its aggressive software programming behavior, while PeopleSoft will add a softer touch to its customers.

Merge. Currently, “the company will make no effort to nudge PeopleSoft customers toward other Oracle products, such as its databases and middleware software that helps big companies use their business systems over the Internet” (Kerstetter & Lacy, 2005, p.3). Most of the corporations choose to run their business while using other programs such as IBM. Oracle understands it cannot control this procedure; however, it will provide the customer with a choice. The customer will have the option to buy the companies product lines. The new computer programming system will include standards that support Java and hypertext markup language (HTML) (Kerstetter & Lacy, 2005). This new software system will provide users with rapid and simple connections versus the older complicated standard programs.

Oracle plans to streamline operations, which are expected to reduce costs, and drive growth by adding to its advanced business support system (Convergys, 2005). Oracle will provide support to the United Kingdoms mobile service Genesis Communications. According to Convergys Corporation, “ the solution enables Genesis Communications a solution to automate key processes such as order management and fulfillment, delivers sophisticated rating and billing, provides a single customer view across all accounts, and supports a multi-language/currency operation” (Convergys, 2005, p.1). By streamlining its processes, the company will focus on its customers, adding value to its services, while increasing KM for a competitive advantage. In addition, the strategic plan will transform office procedures while enhancing sales, marketing plans and providing satisfaction to customers.

KM Systems
Competition. Business Objects S.A. is technology software and programming corporation that focuses on intelligence systems (Reuters, 2005). This company has the ability to market and distribute software among organizations. The system equips professionals with the resources to track and manage performance. Some of the key products include, “data integration, query, reporting, online analytical processing, information broadcasting, business alerts, analytical application frameworks and pre-packaged analytic applications” (Reuters, 2005, p. 1). Additionally, its products also include administration tools that permit information knowledge experts to set up and organize it systems across a venture.

Intelligence. Business Objects S.A. uses business intelligence platforms into its applications and data integrations (Reuters, 2005). Some of the products used include crystal reports and crystal enterprise. The purpose of these systems is to provide optimal organization and performance for the systems. The data integration tool helps accelerate business intelligence deployments and other systems for faster processes. The company excels in performance through launching a new product named Business Objects Knowledge Accelerator XI (Business Objects, 2005). The purpose of this program is to provide a web-based product that is relevant, convenient and cost effective to the user. The knowledge program allows geographically separated users the advantage of gaining access to the organizations data. The program is also user friendly; since it helps, users learn at their own pace. According to Business Objects, “southwest airlines plans to broaden business intelligence implementation with the new system” (Business Objects, 2005). With the use of the new technology, the airline company will make important decisions vital to the competitive industry, while focusing on corporate performance.

Furthermore, Business Objects S.A. and Open pages will collaborate to offer an advanced operational risk management program (Open pages, 2005). The system will add knowledge while bringing intelligence to corporate management, providing insight into state policies. The new system Business Objects XI will help companies reach far beyond historical data. The system will provide analytical applications, queries and other specialized end-user tools. “The combination of Business Objects XI and Open pages solutions provides the capabilities for organizations to more easily monitor governance, risk, and compliance processes throughout the enterprise” (Open pages, 2005, p.1). Additionally, the system provides customized training platforms, convenient and cost effective desktop delivery.

Business Objects S.A. competes with Oracle in the services department. Business Objects S.A. offers customer support in three forms: standard, elite and premium. The services offered meet the needs of the customer. The company also places a high priority on customer satisfaction. Business Objects will “support customers throughout the lifecycle of their products and ensuring they are successful with their business intelligence implementations” (Business Objects, 2005). The company also offers education and training programs to customers and consultants (Reuters, 2005). However, the company does not offer an extensive university program like Oracle.

Hummingbird Ltd. is a software programming Technology Company that uses intelligence, data integration, document and knowledge management and collaboration software (Reuters, 2005). The company uses a platform that enables PC users the ability to organize knowledge assets. Hummingbird been named as one of the 100 companies that matter in knowledge management (Hummingbird, 2005). Hummingbird Ltd. provides a repository for multimedia, electronic records, e-mail, and web content in a flexible environment. Moreover, the corporation includes management features that allow users the ability to manage and classify content.

Hummingbird Ltd. knowledge management strategy is based on enterprise advancement (Hummingbird, 2005). The prestigious company will team up will Stikeman Elliott and ii3 to develop a stronger knowledge management team. The company will offer users a “single point of access to the firm’s knowledge” (Hummingbird, 2005). The knowledge management solution for the ii3 system will use advanced knowledge management. The systems used will include advanced searches, and knowledge retrieval. The system will further ensure flexible conditions are met through support, openness, knowledge and information, while sustaining vertical markets. The vertical markets include federal, state, local governments and energy, utilities and legal services.

Measures of effectiveness
The Oracle Corporation, Business Object S.A. and Humming bird Ltd corporation primary business focuses on software and programming. The measure of effectives for these companies is to provide knowledge management, financial gain and a competitive advantage (Reuters, 2005). All of the companies discussed are competing within the technology industry. The effective measures that support each company include customer satisfaction, knowledge know how, service, growth, industry rankings, revenues, education and training. Growth within the technology industry will increase as the field represents 79%, 76% and 73% of all revenues today (Reuters Business report, 2005).

Rankings. Industry rankings within a corporation measure the effectives for KM systems. For instance, Hummingbird Ltd. gained recognition being named one of the most 100 successful companies that matter in knowledge management in 2005. The company has held this prestigious rank for the last five years (Hummingbird, 2005). Knowledge management matters in a company for several reasons. Knowledge management systems are unique since they usually bring a tool that no other company has. Oracle also holds a high rank, as the world’s leading and largest software company (Convergys, 2005). Whereas Business Objects, S.A. is known as the world’s leading business intelligence software company (Business Objects, 2005). All of the companies named above are fortune 500 companies. In the business world success, rankings, and recognition are vital. Moreover, companies tend to compete in a variety of areas. Other effective measures include business intelligence and knowledge of systems.

Conclusion
Opinion. Oracle’s strategies will prove beneficial by staying ahead of competition within the knowledge area. Hummingbird Ltd. has gained the perception of the importance of knowledge management to stay ahead. Oracle has become the world’s largest software company over Hummingbird Ltd and Business Objects S.A. The company will need to out know the other competitors. The software and programming industry is a competitive technology field. The company continues as a renowned leader by offering exceptional software and services to the consumer. The company also gained a competitive advantage by merging with PeopleSoft. The merge of the two companies created a successful plan for managing knowledge. Overall companies such as Oracle, Hummingbird Ltd, and Business Objects S.A find continual success through knowledge and intelligence implementation.

References

Beyers, T. (2005, January 27). Oracle’s Softwar? The Motley Fool. Retrieved February 24, 2005, from http://www.fool.com/news/mft/2005/mft05012718.htm

Business Objects. (2005, January 11). Business Objects launches business objects knowledge
accelerator XI. Business Wire. Retrieved February 24, 2005, from http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/050111/115426_1.html

Business Objects. (2005, January 18). Southwest airlines plans to broaden business intelligence
implementation with business objects XI. Business Wire. Retrieved February 24, 2005, from http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/050118/175569_1.html

Convergys Corporation. (2005, February 16). Oracle and Convergys provide solution to
transform genesis communications’ customer contact centers. Business Wire. Retrieved February 24, 2005, from http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/050216/165462_1.html

Forbes. (2005, January 27). Oracle is on track with PeopleSoft integration. Retrieved February
24, 2005, from http://www.forbes.com

Hummingbird Ltd. (2005, February 8). Hummingbird celebrates customer innovation at summit 2005. PR News. Retrieved February 24, 2005, from http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/050208/to041_1.html

Hummingbird Ltd. (2005, February 8). Stikeman Elliott collaborates with Hummingbird and ii3
to advance its enterprise knowledge management stratey. PR News. Retrieved February 24, 2005, from http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/050208/to029_1.html

Hummingbird Ltd. (2005, February 22). Hummingbird named one of the ‘100 companies that
matter in knowledge management in 2005. PR News. Retrieved February 24, 2005, from http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/0502222/to031)_1.html

Kerstetter, J. & Lacy, S. (2005, January 19). Oracle lays out its game plan. Business week online. Retrieved February 24, 2005, from http://yahoo.businessweek.com/technology/content/jan2005/tc20050119_4535_tc119.htm

Open Pages. (2005, February 22). Open pages partners with business objects to deliver advanced monitoring and reporting capabilities for Sarbanes-oxley compliance and operational risk management. Market Wire. Retrieved February 24, 2005, from http://biz.yahoo.com/iw/050222/081290.html

Reuters. (2005) Full company description on Business Objects S.A. Retrieved February 22,
2005, from http://www.investor.reuters.com

Reuters. (2005) Full company description on Hummingbird Ltd. Retrieved February 22,
2005, from http://www.investor.reuters.com

Reuters. (2005) Full company description on Oracle Corporation. Retrieved February 22, 2005, from http://www.investor.reuters.com

Practical Research

Overview

In the text, “Practical Research” various research methods are discussed (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005). Good researchers gain knowledge by understanding the importance of research.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the value of a research proposal. Next, the paper will differentiate between a problem statement and a hypothesis statement. Lastly, the paper will provide insight to the sampling theory and evaluate research designs.

Discussion

Value of Research
Value. Understanding the value of research provides important knowledge in numerous ways. Good researchers will establish research proposal to format papers, dissertations and other materials. Research proposals add a significant amount of value by offering straightforward, clear, concise documents (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005). By writing a clear-cut document researchers focus on the main objective of the material that is presented. This eliminates unnecessary cluttered information that may lie within the document. Research proposals should be clear in the most minute detail and form. According to Leedy and Ormrod research proposals, provide organization to the study or research project. It also communicates to the reader the planned intentions of the writer.

Research proposals are important because they offer a guideline for effective communication. Without a detailed proposal, the reader would be confused or make assumptions to what the writer is trying to explain. Research proposal should outline the study, eradicating the need for guessing. In addition, research proposals use headings and subheadings from levels one to level five, depending on the method (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005). A good research proposal is like a road map; it should take the reader from point A to point B. Other important factors for research include developing a good problem statement and hypothesis statement.
Types of statements

Problem. Problem statements are developed through careful thought and consideration of the surrounding world. Leedy & Ormrod (2005), states, “The heart of every research project is the problem”. This means problems and research exist together. Research problems exist in a range of topics such as agriculture, economics, educations, heath care and so on. The possibilities are endless. To become a better-informed researcher and develop a problem statement, one must read literature about a topic of interest. This will allow the researcher a chance to explore his or her interest, before choosing a topic. Some researchers may want to attend professional conferences and seek advice of experts (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005). Experienced experts are able to answer questions and determine what needs to done. Problem statements should be intriguing, motivating and interesting. Researchers will want to pick topics that are unique that will capture the attention of others. By choosing, a topic that is intriguing and motivating the researcher will be able to build on the study. Researchers will want to stay away from boring lifeless studies. These topics will only hinder the researcher’s ability and waste time and effort.

Hypotheses. A hypotheses statement differs from a problem statement in several ways. A hypotheses statement is an educated guess about how a research problem came into existence (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005). Hypotheses statements are key to conducting trial based research, mostly found in qualitative research methods. Hypotheses exist in two forms; null and research. Null hypotheses are used in statistical studies and research hypotheses are used to disprove theories.

Sampling theory
The sampling theory is conducted by selecting a small group of objects to conduct research (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005). The basis of the research will stem from a selection of questions about a residents or objects. Then the researcher will break down the sample further in a smaller group. Sampling methods subsists in probability, simple random, stratified random, proportional stratified, cluster, systematic and non-probability sampling. The sample method used will depend on the evidence and population type.

Research Designs
Research designs can be categorized into three groups to include, pre-experimental designs, true experimental designs, and quasi-experimental designs. Pre-experimental designs are limited in its capabilities, because it forms tentative hypotheses (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005). This type of design is difficult to determine since much of the information is vague and should be followed up with more research. True experimental designs tend to produce a greater control and strength in groups. These designs tend to focus on randomness in a group. The quasi-experimental design does not control variables. This design is unique since it “takes whatever variables and explanations they have not controlled for into consideration when they interpret their data” (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005). Other research designs include ex post facto designs and factorial designs. Ex post facto designs are based on previously discovered materials. Factorial designs use larger samples to conduct experiments.

Conclusion

Opinion. The value of properly writing and understanding a research proposal is important for constructing materials. The major insight of practical research assembles around paying close attention to minute and careful details. Research proposals, problem statements, hypothesis statements and sampling theories are needed for good structuring techniques. This text provides a basis for properly conducting research. Researchers must also learn the importance of writing of writing clear-cut documents that focus on the central idea of the thought to be presented. Within the college environment, it will be vital to understand the correct methods and techniques when writing papers. This text provides a good reference tool for research with the American Psychological Association (APA) manual. One important note in the role of research is knowing when to quit (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005). Often researchers become redundant when writing literature. By understanding when to quit researchers, avoid repetition, which draws the attention away from the topic. The value of writing a good research proposal will contribute to a well-written project in the end.

Reference

Leedy, P.D., & Ormrod, J.E. (2005). Practical Research: Planning and design (5th ed).
Columbus OH. Merrill Prentice Hall.

Knowledge

Overview

Companies gain a competitive advantage through proper development and use of knowledge management. In order to conduct successful business practices in the 21st century companies must understand the difference from doing to knowing business (Housel and Bell, 2001).

This research project will answer several questions such as, what is knowledge, intellectual capital and how does knowledge acquire value in an organization. The outcome of the analysis will conclude with understanding the worth of information in an organization and the importance of knowledge in the business sector.

Discussion

Defining Knowledge

The wikipedia encyclopedia defines knowledge as the awareness and understanding of facts, truths or information gained in the form of experience of learning (Wikipedia, 2005). The word knowledge also serves as information that has a purpose of use. Knowledge is power and referred to something that takes action when applied (Reinan, 2005). While others such as, John Creswell (2003) warrants knowledge as conjectural with a scientific method approach. This approach refers to knowledge as imperfect and fallible, making it difficult for the absolute truth to be discovered. According to a business article in American Society for Training and Development (ASTD), knowledge consists of twelve principles (Allee, 2001).

Understanding. The ASTD states in order to understand knowledge one must learn how to manage knowledge effectively (Allee, 2001). The twelve principles about knowledge include the following: (1) Knowledge is messy (2) Knowledge is self-organizing, (3) Knowledge seeks community, (4) Knowledge travels via language, (5) The more you try to pin knowledge down, the more it slips away, (6) Looser is probably better, (7) There is no one solution, (8) Knowledge doesn’t grow forever, (9) No one is in charge, (10) You can’t impose rules and systems, (11) There is no silver bullet, and (12) How you define knowledge determines how you manage it.

Principles. The first term states knowledge is messy; due to its entanglement with everything, we know and do (Allee, 2001). The author states knowledge as a self-organizing principle around organizations or groups. It seeks community because it is waiting to be born or happen, a prime example of this is the Internet. Knowledge travels via language through constant development of languages, communications and experience included in daily work schedules. Another important fact about knowledge lies in its inflexibility and requirements. Often one will try to restrain knowledge through patents and other forms of official documents, only to find that too much control leads to loss of originality. Also by tightly controlling resources, time and energy can be lost when monitored too tightly. Experts agree that looser is probably a better solution overall when dealing with knowledge.

Next, when dealing with knowledge it would be wise to learn that there is no one solution (Allee, 2001). Since the beginning of time, knowledge has continually changed and will continue to do so. Although, at some point one must except that knowledge does not grow forever, meaning eventually it may vanish or pass away. This theory compares to the natural life span on the earth. Allee (2001), further states knowledge as a shared method and no one can claim responsibility or impose rules and systems on it. Overall knowledge will take care of itself when left alone, due to its self-organizing ability. Moreover, knowledge works at best when managed properly. Knowledge can present itself in various ways, forms, categories, but ultimately it depends on how one uses it to gain the best results.

Forms. Knowledge exists in two forms, explicit and tacit. Explicit knowledge presents a concise clear to the point appearance (Srikantaiah & Koenig, 2000). This knowledge is tangible, often found in commercial publications, organization business records, email, web, intranets, groupware, databases and self-study materials. Explicit knowledge provides an external and internal form. Whereas tacit knowledge involves a different concept, involving peoples awareness, with the use of internal staff and outside experts. Srikantaiah & Koenig, (2000), states that knowledge involves face-to face conversation, telephone conversation and individual knowledge. Both explicit and tacit knowledge bring essential contributions to one another.

Categories of Knowledge
Individual Knowledge. According to Housell and Bell, (2001), knowledge management can be born, die, be owned and placed into various categories. Since an explanation of knowledge has been defined and broken down into twelve principles, two forms, it now can be simplified into four major groups to include, individual, group, organizational and extra-organizational knowledge. Individual knowledge consists of a wide view of ideas of what is believed to be true. For instance, an item of information fixated by a research scientist or adults on the planet provides knowledge further in detail. Individual knowledge can also be defined as a set of rules, beliefs, attitudes, speculations, lifestyle choices and habits, in which shapes a persons environment (Housell and Bell, 2001). Another important detail with individual knowledge attributes in the ability to differ from animals. Unlike any other animal, the human being has the innate ability to imagine, store, and influence ideas. Human beings are born with individual knowledge and once developed throughout life, it serves as an asset to employers, leaders and companies.

Group Knowledge. Group knowledge exists as knowledge that pertains to a certain selection of individuals in a cluster. It may take the form of various ideas, skills and processes. For example, group knowledge may refer to certain proficiency that college students or business professionals hold. Another important area to group knowledge focuses on people knowledge. According to Housel and Bell (2001), people knowledge allows individuals from various forms the dexterity to work together in companies. Housel and Bell (2001),further states, “knowledge management brings people knowledge to visibility and to a position of prominence in a frame work for understanding and using knowledge within a corporation” (p. 12).

Organizational Knowledge. Organizational knowledge applies to information specific to a particular corporation. According to Housel and Bell, 2001 organizational knowledge can also be reflected as “creative reserve in the form of human resources and computer systems” in today’s businesses (p.9). Other examples include sole information to the organization and their internal operations, shared by its employees.

Intellectual Capital. Intellectual capital or knowledge capital links to knowledge resources (Srikantaiah & Koenig, 2000). Knowledge capital falls into three categories, which include knowledge, social and infrastructure capital. Intellectual capital includes a company’s tacit and explicit knowledge about the organization. As reviewed earlier explicit knowledge provides tangible information and tacit knowledge involves people’s knowledge. By combining knowledge capital with tacit and explicit knowledge, the entire structure of an organization exists. Knowledge capital in the future will depend on meeting and understanding the demands of knowledge which resides within the employees, suppliers and customers (Cairncross, 2002). By incorporating knowledge as assets into the workforce companies mature and develop new ways of learning. Furthermore, intellectual capital may exist in several forms to include embodied, embedded and represented (Srikantaiah & Koenig, 2000).

According to Srikantaiah and Koenig, (2000), embodied is defined as a type of knowledge which presents itself in the minds of knower, and different communities. Often, embodied knowledge is tacit based on the communal familiarity, insights, and situations of individuals and groups. Knowledge resources in the embedded form include daily routines and job responsibilities. Moreover, represented knowledge includes separate articles, rather than procedures or plans. Other mentionable sources of knowledge include social and infrastructure capital. Social capital includes organizational culture, reputations, trust and informal networks. Whereas infrastructure capital includes knowledge management applications, LANS, WANS, intranets and servers.

The value of knowledge in organizations

Values. More than ever companies incorporate knowledge into everyday activities. For instance, within the business world, companies rely on knowledge-based systems (Gaffney & Dobrow, 2004). Knowledge management and information is today’s competitive advantage in business. Customer’s can help businesses gain useful knowledge to any corporation by gaining insight. Often companies will enforce changes within the companies to gain value.

In 1992, “BP Amoco an oil company downsized and restructured its company into a learning organization where people, teams, and informal networks generate and share knowledge to add value to what they do” (Worley & Cummings, 2001). This type of company compares to an learning organization since a strong emphasis was placed on effective knowledge of workers to turn the organization around. Other ways in which knowledge acquires value in the organization focuses on customer value (Peppers & Rogers, 2004). Companies must realize the magnitude of maximizing a customer’s value through knowledge and trust within the company. By capitalizing knowledge and value within a firm, a company will gain full results of its customers. Another unique idea for creating value consists of the employer placing themselves into the customers needs, and then meeting it accordingly. For companies to increase success levels, it is imperative to achieve the trust of the customer.

Conclusion

Opinion. Companies that properly understand knowledge management gain a competitive advantage within today’s work force. Without the proper use of knowledge management in business, companies will fail. By properly understanding how to use, knowledge and intellectual capital in the 21st century will prove crucial for survival. Also by learning how to effectively apply knowledge and acquire value within a particular organization will guarantee a successful business plan. A victorious company will learn the advantage of mastering knowledge. Lastly, the company of the future will be able to distinguish between doing and knowing business for continued success and endurance.



References

Allee, V. (2001). American Society for Training and Development. 12 Principles of Knowledge
Management. Retrieved January 15, 2005 from http://ecorse.hpu.edu/13392500510/12Principles.htm

Cairncross, F. (2002). The company of the future: How the communication revolution is
changing management. ACM . Retrieved January 18, 2005 from http://www.acm.org/ubiquity/book/f_cairncross_1.html

Creswell, J. (2003). Research design. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches

Cummings, T. & Worley, C. (2001). Organization development and change. Mason, OH: South-western college publishing.

Gaffney, J. & Dobrow, L. (2004, December). Profit growth: Turning data into action. 1 to 1 Magazine.

Housel, T. & Bell, A., (2001). Measuring and managing knowledge. New York, NY: McGraw- Hill/Irwin.

Peppers, D & Rogers, M. (2004 Dec). Trust stakes its claim to customer value. 1 to 1 magazine.

Reinan, J. (2005, January 17). The pursuit of knowledge. Star Tribune. Retrieved January 18, 2005, from http://www.startribune.com/dynamic/story.php?

Srikantaiah, T. & Koenig, M. (Eds.). (2000). Knowlegde management for the information professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, Inc.

Wikipedia. (2005). Knowledge. Retrieved on January 17, 2005, from http://www.wikipedia.com

Good Research

Overview

In the book, by John Creswell, there are three types of research designs that are important. They include qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. The purpose of this paper is to differentiate between the three research designs. In addition, the focal point of this paper will distinguish between poor and high quality research articles.
Discussion

Research Methods
Qualitative. Qualitative research can be defined as methods that predict knowledge claims (Creswell, 2003). The approaches that tend to apply to qualitative approaches include philosophical assumptions, and constructivist advocacy. These strategies are inquired with phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, case study and narrative. Other characteristics of qualitative approaches include open-ended questions, emerging approaches, and text or image data. These practices of research are used as the researcher positions himself or herself, collects participants meanings, focuses on a single concept or phenomenon. Qualitative approaches add personal values into the study, context and setting of participants. Other ways of determining qualitative approaches focus on validation of the accuracy of its findings, by interpretations of data. Lastly, they create an agenda for change, reform and are able to collaborate with the participants.

In an article, “Carrots reduce cancer risk by one third in laboratory rats”, Dr. Kirsten Brandt prefers the use of qualitative methods to quantitative methods (Brandt, 2005). The research completed the study by testing 24 rats with pre cancerous tumors, later the rats were separated into three groups. Each of the groups were feed different diets, to determine the results of including carrots in the diet. After careful observation, the team concluded that the rats with carrots in their daily diet were less likely to develop full-scale tumors. This was just one example of the importance of conducting quality qualitative research. This particular study can also be further broken down to decide if there a certain types of carrots that will prevent the risk of cancer.

Quantitative. Investigators often use the quantitative approach in order to gain post positivist claims for development of knowledge (Creswell, 2003). Another common root includes surveys and experiments. Methods may be employed through use of close-ended questions, predetermined approaches and numeric data. Some areas in which practices of research may use includes tests, theories, explanations, variable, hypotheses, reliability, and statistics.

In a scientific examination about pediatrics to geriatrics, a study was conducted on elderly humans. This study focused on the relationships between energy intake and the recovery time for elderly patients in resistive training (American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 2005). The materials and methods used were fifteen frail, hospitalized elderly people, about 84.1 years old. These patients would participate in a high resistance training class for four weeks and five times per week. The load would continue over the weeks to increase until reaching about 80% of it repetition maximum (RM). Next, the group was divided into two groups, one consisting of persons whose energy intake was over the total energy expenditure (TEE) and one that was under the energy intake for TEE. After consistent training and study, the following conclusions were made:
1) resistance weight training leads to gains in muscle size among frail elderly patients for 4 weeks.
2) It was suggested that energy intake on resistive training over the total energy expenditure
accelerate the muscle hypertrophy (American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 2005).

Mixed Methods. Mixed methods are different from qualitative and quantitative methods since they respond to both open and closed ended questions (Creswell, 2003). Mixed methods are unique since they focus on pragmatic knowledge claims, and they use strategies that are sequential, concurrent, and transformative. The mixed methods approach collects both quantitative and qualitative data. Other attributes about the approach include developing a rationale for mixing, integrating the data at different stages of inquiry, and the used of visual pictures. For instance, a study was conducted to in an educational environment. The benefits of using mixed methods would help to tear down the professional rifts in qualitative and quantitative research (Viadcro, 2005).

Designing research
The three methods discussed are important in conducting the appropriate research. In conducting good research, examiners must properly introduce the proposed research (Creswell, 2003). Often research work may be sloppy due to vague introductions. To avoid this researchers must ensure that the situation is properly identified. A good research project should also have a purpose statement. The purpose statement is found in the beginning of the research and tells the reader the intent of the study. Researchers should also incorporate research questions and hypotheses in their study to draw the attention of the reader. The will capture the attention of the reader and answer any questions. Lastly, a good researcher will determine the type of methods used in the study, whether it is quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods procedures.

Conclusion

Opinion. Overall, the importance of conducting a good research relies on the researcher. The researcher must be able to pull together accurate precise information that is not biased. Often in research environments, the method of study will tend to lean to the left or right. In my opinion, a good research method would incorporate both qualitative and quantitative, producing a mixed methods approach.


References

American society for parenteral and enteral nutition. (2005). Scientific paper session.
Pediatrics to geriatrics. Red Nova. Retrieved February 13, 2005, from http:www.rednova.com/modules/news/tools.

Brandt, K. (2005). Carrots reduce cancer risk by one third in laboratory rats. Medical
news today. Retrieved February 13, 2005, from http: www.medicalnewstoday.com

Creswell, J. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods
approaches. London. Sage publications.

Viadrcro, D. (2005). Mixed methods research examined. Education week. Retrieved February 10, 2005, from http: www.educationweek.com

Collapsing Banks

Overview

The use of systems tools within an organization contributes to knowledge and understanding of the subject. Systems tools may be applied to just about everything. In the text systems structures, “can graph patterns of behavior overtime” (Anderson & Johnson, 1997).

The purpose of this paper is to apply systems tools to a simulated organization situation. In addition, a discussion of the value using casual loop diagrams, behavior overtime graphs, stretching timelines, and the importance that value of uncovering systems structures encounter.

Discussion

Simulated organization

Tools. In the case of the collapsing banks, the paragraph introduces the problem with bank failures. One problem that evolved focused on lost of trust within the bank systems (Anderson & Johnson, 1997). During this crisis, depositors began to withdraw funds. According to Anderson and Johnson, “the volume of these withdrawals threatened the solvency of the bank, and when bank funds fell too low, the bank failed” to refurbish (p.59). Moreover, this caused almost a chain reaction leading other banks to adapt the same trend due to nervousness. Over a period, a graph about the bank can be graphed to further explain the variables.

Casual loops

Within the bank case and virtual team, discussions there are variables that exist to problems called casual loops diagrams. Casual loops diagrams (CLD) are defined as, “one of the tools of systems thinking. Causal loop diagrams capture how variables in a system are interrelated. A CLD takes the form of a closed loop that depicts cause-and-effect linkages” over a system (Anderson & Johnson, 1997). These systems provide importance to better understanding organizations. For instance casual loops diagrams can be graphed over a period of time to show trends and behavior.

In the discussion about the failing banks, casual loop diagrams are used by formulating the problem, telling the story, choosing the key variables, and naming them precisely and graphing the key variables behavior over time (Anderson & Johnson, 1997). The importance of formulating the problem allows the company to focus on the issue and how it is seen. The telling of the story allows the company to talk about the concern and the reason behind the cause. The next step involves choosing your key variables and naming them precisely, allows one to pinpoint the main problems. In this particular case the significant variables that contributed to the case of the collapsing bank included bank failures, bank solvency, funds withdrawals and depositors’ confidence. All of these factors contributed to a problem within the case study. In addition, the last step allows one to graph the key variables’ behavior over time. In this case, the graph showed how the failure evolved over the years through decline.

Components. To understand the anatomy design of a casual loop diagram several components must be expressed. The CLD is primarily made up of two or more variables joined by links in the form of arrows (Anderson & Johnson, 1997). Within the realm exists a circle named the feedback loop. The feedback loop provides information about the occurring situation or problem. The relevance of this issue shows the links between variables and how they are interconnected. These links and variables contain signs to better inform the changes of the present environment. The variables that exist are either S’s or O’s. The sign S or O sand for the same direction change or opposite direction change. These variables are important since they affect one another. In some instances the systems signs are denoted by a + or – to alleviate difficulty.

Feedback Loops

Reinforcing. Reinforcing loops are unique since they compound change towards one direction (Anderson & Johnson, 1997). Placing the capital letter R inside the loop denotes reinforcing loops. These diagrams are used to show the cause and effect between the relationships and distinguish the difference between the reinforcing and balancing process. An example of a reinforcing loop is used in the text, which specifies the difference between positive and negative feedback from an employee. The positive feedback will enhance the employer’s performance, whereas the negative feedback can hinder or damage the performance. Another example of a reinforcing loop was displayed in the collapsing bank case. According to the graph and evidence presented, the bank solvency and depositors confidence continued on a downward spiral. For this cause withdrawal of funds increased over a period of two years. Ultimately, this trend is not positive for the bank and the reinforcing loop can be seen in growth or collapse. Another clear distinction includes the concept of compounding change in one direction. The example in the collapsing banks case compounds change as it moves in one direction.

Balancing. The balancing loop is an important since it acts as a stabilizer to the current situation that is involved. Placing the capital letter B inside the loop denotes balancing loops. Anderson and Johnson states, “balancing loops try to bring a system to a desired state and keep it there” (p. 56). For instance, in an inventory control system, adjusting the inventory when too much or too little is present contributes to the actions taken by a balancing system (Anderson & Johnson, 1997). In addition, the text states that reinforcing and balancing loops can combine to build blocks of complex behavior. An example is given about an employee that puts in long hours to impress their boss. Over a period of time this will cause the employee' to dwindle down or burn out. Ultimately allowing the employee to reach a plateau or decline in work performance. The best solution according to the text is to have a combination of reinforcing and balancing loops for healthy growth.

Behavior over time

Graphs. Another important factor includes drawing behavior over time graphs and sketching the timelines. In the case of the collapsing bank it was clearly seen the magnitude of impact present with this issue. The text states successful approaches to behavior over time graphs can be recorded by selecting a time horizon, sketching the graph and building theories about how the graph is variable are interrelated (Anderson & Johnson, 1997). An example of selecting a time horizon appears in the case for a period of two years. Once a time horizon has been selected, the key variables can be extracted from the situation in sketched on the graph. Then the hypotheses can be tested to gain valuable insight about the problem.

Value of uncovering systemic structures

The value of uncovering systemic structures correlates with the building of causal loop diagrams (Anderson & Johnson, 1997). A systemic structure provides value through the exploration of interrelationships, parts, location, time and test. These conditions add value to the situation by disclosing evidence. Although a good product, systemic structures can run into problems such as delays. Delays in a systemic structure can be viewed as neutral (neither good nor bad). Whether the delay turns into a problem or not depends solely on how it is handled. These actions can be measured, “by understanding the relationship between the length of time it takes to increase capacity and the delay between changes” (Anderson & Johnson, 1997).

Conclusion

Understanding the systems tools within an organization contributes to knowledge and understanding of the problem. In reference to the learning tools for the case study, reading and virtual teams, systemic learning provides insight. Interfacing on line and reviewing the cases resulted in understanding the existing problem. By using casual loop diagrams, behavior over time graphs, timelines and systemic structures, I was able to conclude the significance of the charts. As with the case of the collapsing banks, a problem was identified and dissected to find the root of the problem. The techniques used are impressive and will continue to add value to any organization with proper understanding.

Reference:

Anderson, V., & Johnson, L., (1997). Systems thinking basics: From concepts to causal loops. Pegasus communications. Waltham, MA